Psyllium Hydophilic Mucilloid Decreases Risk of CVD

Psyllium Hydophilic Mucilloid Decreases Risk of CVD Free Online Research Papers Despite recent progress in reducing mortality associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), it is still the number one cause of the death in the United States. The major risk factors for CHD are well known and have been studied extensively.1 One way of studying these risk factors is to follow large groups of individuals over a long period of time, keeping track of their health behaviors and other relevant indictors, and seeing who ultimately develops CHD and who does not.2It is well proved that fats in our body are the major risk factors for the development of CHD.3Cholesterol is responsible to synthesize many hormones, vitamin D, and the bile acids that help to digest fat. It takes only a small amount of cholesterol in the blood to meet these needs.4,10,12 If human body have too much cholesterol in bloodstream, the excess is deposited in arteries, including the coronary arteries, where it contributes to the narrowing and blockages that cause the signs and symptoms of heart disease.5 Psyllium or Plantago ovata Forsk is an annual plant grown primarily in India, southern Europe and the United States. Psyllium is cultivated primarily for its use as a laxative or as a dietary fiber ingredient in foods, such as ready-to-eat cereals. It is also known as blond psyllium, Indian psyllium and plantain. Although the seed alone contains the bioactive mucilage polysaccharide, the refined psyllium seed husk, known as the Ispaghula husk, is the psyllium component principally used as the soluble fiber source for laxatives, ready-to-eat cereals and nutritional supplements.6,9 In specific doses, it lowers serum total cholesterol and LDL- Cholesterol remarkably.7 Psyllium husk fiber is a viscous, mostly water-soluble fiber prepared by mechanical removal of the husk from blonde psyllium seed (Plantago ovata). Early or uncontrolled studies suggested that psyllium improved glycemic and lipid control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.8,14 The mechanism of psylliums possible hypocholesterolemic activity is not fully understood. The bioactive agent of psyllium is a soluble, viscous xylan fiber. It is thought that this polysaccharide stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and that it stimulates fecal excretion of bile acids. Psyllium may also decrease the intestinal absorption of cholesterol.9 PATIENTSMETHOD Study was conducted in the department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from January to July 2006.Forty patients of primary hyperlipidemia were enrolled in the study, selected from ward and OPD of National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi. Previously diagnosed and untreated primary hyperlipidemic patients of either sex, age range from 21 to 60 years were randomly selected. Patients with peptic ulcer, hepatic disease, alcoholism, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and renal disease were excluded from the study as these pathological conditions can mask hyperlipidemic abnormality of the patient.10 After explaining the limitations, written consent was obtained from all participants. The study period consisted of 90 days with fortnightly follow up visits. Name, age, sex, occupation, address, previous medication, date of follow up visit and laboratory investigations, etc of each patient was recorded on a Pe rforma, especially designed for the study. All the base line assessments were taken on the day of inclusion (Day-0) in the study and a similar assessment was taken on Day-90 of research design. After fulfilling the inclusion criteria patients were divided in two groups, i.e.Drug-1 (3 gram of Psyllium husk) and Drug-2 (placebo capsules, containing equal amounts of partly grinded wheat) groups. Twenty hyperlipidemic patients of group-1 were provided packets containing 3 gram of Psyllium husk and were advised to take one packet thrice daily along with diet control and exercise for 40-60 minutes (brisk walk). This regimen was followed for 12 weeks. Twenty hyperlipidemic patients of drug-2 group having borderline ‘high’ lipid profile were included in this group taken as control, and were advised to continue on isocaloric weight maintaing diet, i.e. step-1 diet and brisk walk for next three months. Patients of this group were provided capsules containing equal amount of partly grinded wheat and orange flavor, taken one capsule thrice daily after meal for three months. Patients were advised to come in OPD, every two weeks for follow up to check blood pressure, weight, pulse rate and general appearance of the individual. Drug compliance to the regimen was monitored by interview and counseling at each clinical visits. Serum total cholesterol was estimated by the enzymatic calorimetric method (Rivelles et al 1994) using kit cat. # 303113050 by Eli Tech Diagnostic, France.10 Triglycerides were also estimated by enzymatic calorimetric method, using kit Cat. # 304710050 by Eli Tech Diagnostic. France. HDL- C was determined by using kit Cat. # 303210040 by Eli Tech Diagnostic, France. Serum LDL-cholesterol was calculated by Friedwald formula described by Davidson et al11 (LDL-Cholesterol = Total Cholesterol-(Triglycerides/5 +HDL-Cholesterol) also quoted by Delong et al (1986)12 and Beamount et al (1970).13 Data were expressed as the mean  ± SD and â€Å"t† test was applied to determine statistical significance as the difference. A probability value of 0.05). DISCUSSION There are various groups of drugs which are used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. HMG-Co reductase inhibitors (Statins), fibric acids, Niacin and psyllium hydrophilic mucilloids are important lipid lowering drugs.14 Among these lipid lowering drugs, Psyllium has its own remarkable role to decrease serum total cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol.15 In our study, serum total cholesterol decreased 12.72 % in 90 days of treatment with Psyllium husk in hyperlipidemic patients. Our study matches with the study of Anderson et al16 who observed almost same changes in serum total cholesterol and LDL- Cholesterol of 26 male patients, treated with 3.4 grams of Psyllium thrice daily for eight weeks. Our study also matches with the study of Maciejko et al17 who observed 12.00 % decrease in serum total cholesterol and 16.12 % decrease in LDL-Cholesterol in 40 hyperlipidemic patients treated with 4 grams Psyllium husk for the period of 16 weeks. He also included other parameters in his study, li ke body weight and systolic/diastolic blood pressure which were also significantly reduced. Our results regarding decrease in serum total cholesterol level contrasts with the results of research study conducted by Haskell et al18who observed only 6.11 % decrease in total cholesterol levels in 40 hyperlipidemic patients, when they used 2 gram Psyllium husk in 18 female patients for the period of eight weeks. This remarkable change in results may be due to changes in gender of patients, and duration of drug used. He has mentioned the mechanism of action of Psyllium husk that these Psyllium fibers stimulate bile acid synthesis in liver (7 ?-hydroxylase activity). Second mechanism, he mentioned is diversion of hepatic cholesterol for bile acid synthesis. Effect of Psyllium husk on absorption of cholesterol and fat appeared minimal but may make a small contribution to cholesterol lowering. Additional mechanisms such as inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis by propionate and seconda ry effects of slowing glucose absorption may also play a role.19 In our study placebo group shows 3.35 % reduction in serum total cholesterol and 1.29 % reduction in LDL-Cholesterol. These results matches with the study of Spence et al20 who observed same effects of placebo given to 44 male and female hyperlipidemic patients having moderately high lipid profile. Their study shows 2.89 % reduction in serum total cholesterol and 2.21 % reduction in LDL-Cholesterol. Results of research study conducted at Lipid Research Centre held by Levy et al21 do not match with our results of research. They observed 5.98 % and 9.97 % reduced levels of serum total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol, respectively, in 109 hyperlipidemic patients treated by Psyllium husk 3 gram daily for the period of 24 weeks. Their study was double blind placebo controlled. These changes in results may be due to double blind research design, large sample size and environmental factors like in that study all hyperlipidem ic patients were admitted at Lipid Research Centre, so were closely observed and advised for brisk walk and to take controlled step-1 diet.22 Drug compliance between our and their study was same, i.e. in our study patients discontinued taking Psyllium due to its metallic taste. In their study 11 patients discontinued to take Psyllium fibers, mostly due to same reasons of its metallic taste. Another study conducted by Kane et al23 also contradicts with our study as they observed only 12.22 % reduction in LDL- Cholesterol when 3 gram Psyllium husk was administered in 14 female hyperlipidemic patients above the age of 40 years. Our study proved 18.88 % reduction in LDL-Cholesterol levels which is much higher than 12.22 %. Change in these results may be due only female gender and age which was specifically above 4o years. Our study comprised of both male and female hyperlipidemic patients with age range between 21-60 years. REFERENCES 1. Plaisance EP, Grandjean PW, Mahurin AJ (2009). Independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise and pharmacological strategies on serum triglyceride concentrations: a qualitative review.Phys Sportsmed. Apr; 37(1):11-9. 2. Knopp RH, Retzlaff BM, Fish B, Dowdy A, Twaddell B, Nguyen T, Paramsothy P ( 2009).The SLIM Study: Slo-Niacin(R) and Atorvastatin Treatment of Lipoproteins and Inflammatory Markers in Combined Hyperlipidemia. J Clin Lipidol; 3(3):167-178. 3. Parhofer KG (2009). Review of extended-release niacin/laropiprant fixed combination in the treatment of mixed dyslipidemia and primary hypercholesterolemia. Vasc Health Risk Manag; 5:901-8. 4. Charland SL, Malone DC (2010). Prediction of cardiovascular event risk reduction from lipid changes associated with high potency dyslipidemia therapy. Curr Med Res Opin. Feb; 26(2):365-75. 5. Kruger PS (2009).Forget glucose: what about lipids in critical illness?. Crit Care Resusc. Dec; 11(4):305-9. 6. Ganji V, Betts N (1995). Fat, cholesterol, fiber and sodium intakes of US population: evaluation of diets reported in 1987–88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Eur J Clin Nutr; 49: 915-920 7. Moreyra AE, Wilson AC, Koraym A (2005). Effect of combining psyllium fiber with simvastatin in lowering cholesterol. Arch Intern Med; 165: 1161-66 8. Vega-Lopez S, Conde-Knape K, Vidal-Quintanar RL, Shachter NS, Fernandez ML. (2002). Sex and hormonal status influence the effects of psyllium on lipoprotein remodeling and composition. Metabolism.; 51: 500-507. 9. Erkkila AT, Herrington DM, Mozaffarian D, Lichtenstein AH (2005). Cereal fiber and whole grain intake are associated with reduced progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 150: 94-101. 10. Rivellese AA, Auletta P, Marotta G, et al (1994). Long term metabolic effects of two dietry methods of treating hyperlipidemia. BMJ; 5: 10-14. 11. Davidson MH, Rosenson RS (2009). Novel targets that affect high-density lipoprotein metabolism: the next frontier. Am J Cardiol. Nov 16; 104(10 Suppl):52E-57E. 12. Delong DM, Delong ER, Wood PD, Lippel K, Rifkind BM (1986). A comparison of methods for the estimation of plasma lowand very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. JAMA; 256:2372-2377. 13. Beamount JL, Carlson LA, Cooper GR (1970). Classification of hyperlipidemias and hyperlipoproteinaemias. Bull. WHO; 43: 891-908. 14. Olson BH, Anderson SM, Becker MP, Anderson JW, Hunninghake DB, Jenkins DJ, LaRosa JC, Rippe JM, Roberts DC, Stoy DB, Summerball CD, Truswell AS, Wolever TM, Morris DH, Fulgoni VL., 3rd (995). Psyllium-enriched cereals lower blood total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, but not HDL cholesterol, in hypercholesterolemic adults: results of a meta-analysis. J. Nutr; 127: 1973-80. 15. Moreyra AE, Wilson AC, Koraym A. (2005). Effect of combining psyllium fiber with simvastatin in lowering cholesterol. Arch Intern Med; 165: 1161-6 16. Anderson JW, Davidson MH, Blonde L, et al (2000). Long term cholesterol lowering effects of Psyllium as an adjunct to diet therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr; 71:1433-8. 17. Maciejko JJ, Brazg R, Shah A, Rubenfire M. (1994). Psyllium for the reduction of cholestyramine associated gastrointestinal symptoms in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. Arch. Fam. Med; 3: 955-60 18. Haskell WL, Spiller GA, Jansen CD, Ellis BK, Gates JE (1992). Role of water soluble dietry fibre in the management of elevated plasma cholesterol in healthy and hyperlipidemic patients. Am. J. Cardiol; 69: 433-39 19. Davidson MR, Maki KC, Kong IC, Dugan LD, Tprro SA, Hall HA, Drennan KB, Anderson SM, Fulgoni VL, Saldanha LG, Olson BH. (1998). Long-term effects of consuming foods containing psyllium seed husk on serum lipids in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin; 67: 367-76. 20. Spence JD, Huff MW, Heidenheim P, et al (1995). Combination therapy with colestipol and psyllium mucilloid in patients with hyperlipidemia. Ann. Intern. Med; 123: 493-99 21. Levy RI, Fredrickson DS, Shulman R, (1972). Dietry and drug treatment of primary hyperlipoproteinemias. Ann. Int. Med; 77: 267-94. 22. Joan Sabatà ©, Ella Haddad, Jay S Tanzman, Pera Jambazian and Sujatha Rajaram. (2003). Serum lipid response to the graduated enrichment of a Step I diet with almonds: a randomized feeding trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr; 77 (6): 1379-84. 23. Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Tun P et al (1981). Normalization of low density lipoprotein levels in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with a combined drug regimen. N. Engl. J. Med; 304: 251-258. Research Papers on Psyllium Hydophilic Mucilloid Decreases Risk of CVDArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Fifth HorsemanThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of India

Peer's comment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer's comment - Assignment Example Besides, he could have cited the Cliff palace as an ancient architectural structure. It was created by the ancient Pueblo people who inhabited the Taos Pueblo continuously for over 1000 years from CE 700 - 1250 in the current Colorado state, and related structures in Mesa Verde National Park from the 12th through to the 16th century. I also agree with him that the colonial architecture construction unlike the Native Indians was dependent on resources like brick and wood and had common elements of English buildings of New England such as the Wren Building of the College of William (1695-1702). It is true that the Native American architectural structures differed greatly from those of the early Colonial Americans’. For instance, according to Hayley, the long house and the colonial residential house were distinctly different as shown in the figures below. However, Hayley fails to not that the tepees were built by and the poles were actually covered with buffalo’s skins. On the other hand, I also agree with Hayley’s answer that when the Europeans settlers arrived in America, they brought with them their own construction techniques and architectural traditions. The settlers’ buildings were made of timber frames that were filled inside with wickerwork covered with clay. The outside walls were covered with wooden boards for weather protection. The roof top was steep and covered with grass that was dried (Corner, 134). However, both of them cite the wigwam and tepees as examples of Native American structures and provide images of the structures. Besides, they all argue that the colonialists’ architectural designs were dependent on resources like brick and

Sustainability and Strategy - HILTON HOTEL Essay

Sustainability and Strategy - HILTON HOTEL - Essay Example Hilton hotels across the globe are owned by or managed by individual operators and who are supervised by Hilton Worldwide. As of 1943, the Hilton hotels business chain became the United States’ first coast to coast hotel chain. Currently, there are more than 530 Hilton branded hotels operating worldwide in 78 countries, serving the interests of millions of people. As the company engages in large scale operations, it evidently produces huge volume of waste materials. The company’s waste dumping activities raise potential challenges to the environmental sustainability policies of the United Kingdom. This paper will conduct a PEST analysis on the waste issue of Hilton hotels; and it will critically evaluate how each PEST element relates to the successful management of the company. Pest analysis on the waste issue of Hilton Hotels Political factors The waste issue of Hilton Hotels in UK involves many political aspects. Evidently, the entire European Union maintains strict r egulations on waste disposal with intent to confront with the challenging environmental crises such as global warming and green house effect (United Nations Environment Programme, 2002, p.25). Recently, the UK government in particular has framed an array of environment sustainability policies so as to preserve the ecological balance. ... Hence, the government is less likely to adopt a liberal approach towards Hilton Hotels even though they evidently contribute to the GDP of the country. Since environmental sustainability constitutes the nation’s major vision for the next several decades, it may take some stringent actions against Hilton Hotels if they continue with the illegal practice. Economical factors While analysing the economic spectrum of UK, it is clear that the nation is ranked at sixth in terms of nominal GDP and seventh in terms of purchasing power parity. The UK provides high business freedom (94.6) and trade freedom (87.6) in order to foster mercantile activities in the country (The Heritage Foundation, 2011). Hence, the country neither intervenes in the business operations of a firm nor imposes much restriction on its operational privacy. To some extent, this favourable situation assists the Hilton Hotels to skip the current environmental policies of the country. Since effective waste management could significantly benefit the economic growth of the country, the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has formulated a number of waste reduction policies. During the last year, the Defra conducted a detailed Review of Waste Policies in the country so as to ensure that existing policies and regulations are adequate enough to meet the environmental sustainability needs of the country (DEFRA, 2011). As Wintour, Elliott and Mulholland (2008) point out, the UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown’s press releases reflect that the country still has a lot to achieve in ensuring effective waste disposal. Admittedly, the UK government does not foster business activities which may hurt the long term sustainability of the country. Hence obviously, the current economic policies of the

Should Jobs Be Reserved For Women?

Should Jobs Be Reserved For Women? Most of the high level jobs are done by man, should government encourage a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for women ? Most of the high level jobs are done by men, I am not totally agree with this idea, because many high level jobs are done by women. There   is no discrimination between man and woman before   the eye of law. I deeply believe high level jobs are done by qualified person. So government should not encourage a certain percentage of high level jobs to be reserved for women. As a human being all are equal so those who have qualification to do high level jobs, they must will do. If government encourage or enact a law or reserve certain percentage that will be unfair and injustice and discrimination for man. High level jobs should be given on the basis of merit and qualification not consider as a man and woman.we do not agree, to make any reservation on the basis of race, age, sex and minority ,but high level job must be done   by only  Ã‚   qualified person. Man and Woman are equal so there should not have any special attention for women. This concept seriously violates human rights. There should not have any discrimination between man and woman. The discrimination never bring peace and stability in a state, so government must not make any special rules for women. As a democratic state, every state has rule of law and human rights, so high level jobs are only done by man, this is not fair and justice. If women have merit and qualification, they must hold high level jobs. To my mind, there is no restriction in law of a state for woman high level jobs. Human right is most important to live in the world with dignity and honour as a best creation of God. So knowledge and knowledge must be standard for high level jobs not on the basis of sex. So only justice and fair can bring the peace and security in a state, man and woman should not be competitor but dependable. Being a best creation of God, we must have sense of responsibility and duty to one another to make a better and peaceful world for the future generation. As a man   I deeply believe and trust, there should not have any unfair between man and woman. only the basis of merit must get high level post not consider anything else. To hold a sensitive post, need only knowledge and management capacity but disqualification must always discourage and deprive from high level post for betterment of nation and showing honour and justice for qualified and knowledgeable persons. Proper management is the most important to hold a high level job, so   one who will be seated in this post must be qualified and knowledgeable. If any person is woman but she is not qualified for the post but given the high level post she absolutely will be fail to hold the post. Motivation is very important requirement to hold a high prestigious job, one who has no this capacity she/he   cannot hold a high level post. So I hope and believe government should not to make any special attention to women for high level post because if they are qualified, no need to make any rule or law in parliament. Leadership is the best qualification to hold the high level jobs. To be a best leader, so easily can deal any critical situation. Those who will hold better post, musth have leadership skilled to perform   properly his/her responsibilities and   duties.This is the age of globalization,so one who want to be leader one,s has to have leadership skilled otherwisewill be   seriously fail to make any decision. Challenging career, there are many job very challenging so women are not able to perform their responsibilities but if any woman get like that post as a leader she will totally fail to lead the team or group. For example a woman is not fit for post of chief of Army, Navy,and Air force,because they are not able to perform their duty properly with care and strictly.So body fitness is very   important to hold like that high level job.So if government impose like that post, it will be harmful for a nation. Professional services are opened for all men and women,because there is no any condition or restriction for women.women can be professor,lawyer,pilot officer,doctor if they have qualification.So for this reason,no need to care more women for high level job.There are many women in the world who are justice,lawyer, minister,parliamentarian .They perform their responsibilities and duties with dignity and skilled.This is because, they are hardworkers and qualified for this   posts Corruption is the great disease for state , it is worse than cancer . so make a proper well fear state . it is responsibilities for man and women to remove this  Ã‚   corruption   from the grass root level of state , corruption free state and protect and guarantee human rights such kind of well fare state no conflict man between women incase of high level jobs. Misuse is the worst weak point to protect human rights and establish rule of law it is absolutely possible misuse of power in government wish to protect the human rights .disqualified person never get high level jobs .this is possible on the basis of rule of law but we have to keep in mind knowledge and qualification only should be standard for higher level job but not consider sex. Political instability never bring any peace and security, safety and dignity for a nation .for the cause of corruption and missuse of power always coming political instability in a state. For these reason many qualified man and women totally deprive from the higher level jobs.such kind of political environment never consider knowledge and qualification and care fare and justice . There are many states where women hold high level post such as Bangladesh is a highest ranking   for the leadership of women   because there is a prime minister and opposition leader, home minister,foreign minister and agriculture minister all are women. they are not   elected as a women but for theire leadership qualification.so there is no way to say government should have extra care for women .if they become knowledgeable, they will reach their goals. In Pakistan also had an ex-prime minister banzir butto who was a woman and she was elected for her political wisdom but her nation did not make her prime minister just consider as woman .there are many women perform their responsibilities and duties with due care and dignity . there is a president   in india is woman .there were former prime ministers Indira Gandi and Sonia gandi also were women. In usa ,hilari Clinton is secretary   of state of America so it is only possible for her qualification. In UK and Austrilia are handled supreme post by women,we do not like to make different between man and woman.As a human being all are equal,in case of dignity and rights and duties. Criticism of women ;most of the women across the world , to remind themselves busy in the kitchen .their mind do not want to work high abious job.They think , women responsibilities to produce baby and to take care and managing housing work.They do not know what are   their rights and duties.So   for this reason,they are tortured, oppressed,nepressd by men.Their voices are not strong for their rights.They do not know how to establish their civil and political rights.Even now women are not prepared to take leadership of high level jobs.They think leadership and management are only for men. Reservation of negative effect,If government reserve certain percentage for high level jobs,it will make a serious negative effect in a state.Now a days all of the countries have   recognised equal status of men and women.The certain percentage reservation will break the check and balance of a state.Day by day men will be unemployment which is not green signal for democratic states.So we do not agree on the statement of reservation of high level jobs for women.If government want to reserve must be for backward section people.There will be no any discrimination between men and women. It is high for women to raise their voices against injustice and unfair.Government can take effective step to make educated women.Women   have to be conscious for their fundamental rights.If government make them properly educated then they will get high level jobs.No need make any reservation for women,from every part of the world, women should be conscious about their rights and duties, They must   make pressure their own government to provide complete women rights. When they will be able to understand what are their rights and duties and will be qualified then they   will get high level jobs. In brief ,I would like to say dignity and honour should not be   given on the basis of sex.for the causes of sincerity ,honesty,sense of responsibility, punctuality and duty.So any man or woman   will hold high level job if he or she has qualification. No need to make speacil law for woman for high level jobs.Only knowledge and knowledge should be most priority and standard to hold high level job.

Perspective on Health Care Paper Essay

A)What interested me about the history of health care? There’s no doubt that the healthcare industry offers plenty of profitable careers. In fact most of the best paid and the fast growing careers belong to this industry. That’s why I am heading in Health Care Administration because I want to be an administrator for Center of Disease Control (CDC). I have passion for serving people and to make positive impact in their lives. I consider it as one of the fastest growing healthcare career and a high paying medical career and don’t only offer me a decent pay, but they provide me several other reasons. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, eight of the top 20 fastest growing careers belong to the medical field or the healthcare industry. The industry has offer as many as 13 million jobs. Technologies had given a path way to the continuous advancement in medical field in the health system. I have to say that what interested me in the history of health care are the development of the vaccinations for disease throughout the years as well as the developments of programs like the Center for Control of Disease and Prevention (CDC) giving rise after World War in 1946. Vaccinations are what I captured in chapter one in the nineteenth century between 1850s and how about (30,000) persons died from yellow fever and cholera epidemics. Many have died from contaminated water and food, inadequate living situations and sewage disposals. Now in this century there are vaccinations for these disease and many others that has dropped the death rate since then as with better disposing of sewage and safeguarding our foods and facilities with the concern of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have also helped with the decrease of morality, deaths and illnesses reduction. B)What areas of health care I am interested in pursuing? Why? I am interested in the Center for Disease Control (CDC), which involve national concern to deal pre-existing conditions of disease to control and prevent them. The best part about pursuing a healthcare career is that you will be making a positive impact on people’s lives. In fact, there’s no other occupation where I could get the opportunity to make such a strong impact in the lives of people. It really gives me a lot of satisfaction and enthusiasts when I can save an ending life or help bring a new life into the world. By treating different forms of ailments, and I will also make a great positive impact on the entire community. Another big advantage of pursuing a healthcare career is that I will never have a dull moment because the medical field is ever-changing; it always keeps me excited about new developments and advancements in technologies. The profession is really dramatic in nature, and I will never get bored because I want to always interacting with new patients helping them to improve their lives. Another option or choice would be health promotion so that help people learn and give information on what they can do to stay healthy that is why I am doing Information Technology System blending these courses. Another choice would be with illness and prevention services which also educate consumers on risk factors that were conveyed in chapter 2. C) Which positive and negative health outcomes linked to demographic indicators intrigued me? â€Å"Health care is the process of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans.† (Wikipedia, 2012). There are many forms of care that can be practiced from medicine, chiropractic, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, psychiatric and much more. With the fact that there is emerging trend towards overweight-obesity in poorer families, and it is one of the major illnesses that concern is attached. This is, of course, not true in developing countries, but can be seen in North America because mass produced unhealthy food is cheaper and is easier to find in poorer neighborhoods. We are putting our lives in the hands of others to care for that is why one can see why health coverage can be extremely expensive. Health care varies from place to place, and it is largely influenced by social and economic situations as well as health policies that are in place. There is a wide range of area in health care that one can contribute their help in making a difference in people’s lives. There are many forms of care that can be practiced from medicine, chiropractic, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, psychiatric and much more. That’s primarily because 45.7 million Americans are without health insurance. That’s roughly 16 percent of Americans who sometimes have to forego healthcare, or face financial obligations with insurance providers. The primary issues are access, and affordability of healthcare. In fact, the U.S. Department of Labor estimates that the health care and social assistance industry should create 28 percent of all new jobs between 2010 and 2020. And when it comes to the industry itself, heath care is expected to increase by 33 percent (that’s 5.7 million jobs!) between 2010 and 2020. D) What resources are there for finding more information on the history of health care in the United Sates? The internet search engines, Public libraries, and my student website are ways of obtaining information. As many people have discovered, clicking on a favorite search engine and entering a disease or medical condition can often result in hundreds, even thousands, of â€Å"hints.† This can be discouraging, and here are a few ideas for filtering the available web pages to a manageable number: 1. If you are using a search engine such as Google or Yahoo, take advantage of the health subsets of these services for your search. Learn how to use the advanced searching features of the sites so that you can combine terms to make your retrieval more precise. For example, entering the term â€Å"cancer† and â€Å"chemotherapy† linked together is more powerful and precise than trying to read through all the ideas found by simply entering the general term â€Å"cancer.† 2. Become familiar with the general health information finding tools such as MedlinePlus (http://www.medlineplus.gov), produced by the National Library of Medicine, or Healthfinder  ® (http://www.healthfinder.gov) from the US Department of Health and Human Services. 3. When you have found sites that look relevant, use the guidelines below to help you decide whether the information is as credible, timely, and useful as it looks. These are few websites that we can site with viable information about health care; http://www.ahrq.gov/consumer, http://www.nih.gov, http://www.medicare.gov

Fat Burning Myths and Aerobics

For the past twenty years, everyone followed fitness professionals, nutritionists, dieticians and aerobic instructors repeated recommendations to follow a low fat diet and attend aerobic classes twice a week. According to experts, low fat diets and aerobic exercise were the only effective way to lose weight. Rapid increase of qualified fitness professionals only accomplished teaching everyone endless ways of how not to lose weight, or which exercise habits do not work. Professionals have yet to come up with resolutions that do burn fat. â€Å"It’s a Fact–Americans are getting fatter. Experts suggest that 75 percent of Americans will be overweight by 2015, and 41 percent of that group will be obese. Along with our burgeoning waistlines, the business of weight loss has become huge.†(Villarosa, 2007)   When aerobics for weight loss are encouraged by any professional, including medical doctors, it is assumed the only acceptable form of aerobics were organized class es through a qualified instructor. Although the only visible evidence aerobic classes and low fat diets trim waistlines are only words written on paper, people continue to be deceived into thinking they can purchase their ideal fitness levels.The market is flooded with a new fitness facility on every corner, a new diet, or new weight loss video created based on latest breakthrough research. New fitness programs based on the latest breakthrough research have been created for the past twenty five years with each new weight loss book, video or diet leading consumers farther from their fitness goals.With promises of weight loss, aerobic classes increased in popularity overnight. Falling short of the improved fitness promises, aerobic classes remain popular. The industry attract customers using fitness promises to sell their products. Knowledgeable professionals use their education to gain peoples trust. There are an abundance of fitness professionals to explain technical details of the human system, naming scientific names for every muscle in the body. Educating the public with all this physiological knowledge does not result in more fat burning during aerobic classes.When fitness programs fail to keep their promises, even with financial obligations, or the trial period to return the item has passed, the focus switches off fitness goals. Fitness myths continue because lies are always explained away. After realizing one hour aerobics class twice a week is hardly vigorous enough to shed a pound, dietary habits are blamed.After exposure of dietary myths, experts blame hereditary.   Popular fitness magazines write informative articles bringing newfound knowledge to customers explaining the cardio system and it relates to aerobics. The only people who will waste time reading article after article or listening to sales people’s lectures on human anatomy are the ones trying to tell someone the fitness advice is not delivering the promised results. People are tol d losing weight is beyond their capacity when there are no visible results from aerobic classes.With professional’s enthusiasm to educate every client on scientific details of fitness, basic commonsense diet and exercise understanding is forgotten. The intensity level involving any activity determines weight loss results. It is common knowledge that excess body weight is unused calories or unused energy. Repeated muscle contraction burns up energy. The faster and more frequent the muscular contractions, more energy is consumed, muscles become fitter, stronger and more efficient. Stronger, fitter muscles move easier, allowing more calorie consumption during everyday routine activities.â€Å"The energy required for muscle contraction comes from the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a substance that is present in the cells and is formed during cellular respiration.†(â€Å"Muscle,† 2007)   In simple terms, ATP is the scientific procedures explaining how v igorous exercise or repeated rapid muscle contraction burns stored body fat. Muscles, proteins, and engaged cells break down the stored energy the same way during aerobics, power walking, rollerblading, weight training, biking, mountain climbing, running stairs, or playing basketball.Analyzing the term aerobic can give someone the misconception long term endurance exercising is essential for weight loss. Aerobic relates to oxygen or air. An aerobically fit person understandably has a healthy respiratory system. Anaerobic is the opposite of aerobic, using maximum muscular strength. â€Å"Anaerobic endurance is a short-term, high intensity muscular effort–less than about two minutes; cardiovascular endurance involves muscular effort for a much longer duration.†(Brzycki, 1993)   For years, experts believed a person could not exercise the muscular system and the cardio system simultaneously without sustaining serious injury or building oversized muscles.â€Å"Keep in mi nd that compared to fat, muscle is very dense. Increase your muscle mass and your metabolism gets an automatic boost. Muscle weighs more than fat so it's possible to build muscle mass and gain weight but appear smaller visually because you've decreased your overall fat percentage.† (Hanlon, 2007, p. 28) Adding weights to a cardio workout increases muscular contraction’s capacity, making the ATP breakdown more thorough. Aerobic classes, the most moderate walking program and even daily tasks such as shopping or house cleaning potentially engages higher percentage of working muscles adding ankle and wrist weights.â€Å"When you exercise, your muscles burn sugar, fat or protein in the presence of oxygen to produce energy. If you exercise so intensely that you become short of breath and your muscles can't get enough oxygen, lactic acid accumulates in your muscles.   Lactic acid removes the chloride, so it is easier for potassium to get back inside cells. Therefore lactic acid increases the ratio of potassium inside cells to the amount outside, and this helps the muscle contract with more efficiency.† (â€Å"Study: Lactic Acid Not,† 2007, p. C10) Combining weight training with aerobic activity decreases the exerciser’s size.Cardio training can be fast weight lifting. Depending on gender, and as long as no supplements are used, the amount of weight during workout routines does not determine muscle size. People working towards a visually larger appearance lift weights very slowly, making sure to workout the muscles on the release. This is called working out the negative muscles. Either light weights or heavy weights used at a very slow speed will increase body size. Working out with heavy or light weights at aerobic pace utilizes fast twitch muscle fibers reducing body size. Anaerobic exercises or exercise strategies using fast-twitch muscle fibers are effective for fat burning.Experts never encourage vigorous exercise; it is up to the individual to experiment with effective fat burning exercises. The fitness industry, including fitness magazines, is designed for people who have very little or no previous knowledge of workouts. The term aerobic directly relating to the cardiovascular system is one of the reasons it was the only effective exercises resulting in fat loss.   High speed muscle contraction, the build up of lactic acid, the breakdown of ATP, burns up stored fat. Endurance or aerobic training takes a long time to get muscles to the point of exhaustion. Using muscles to their maximum cannot be taught in a one hour aerobic class because the weakest fitness levels must be considered when choreographing such exercise sessions.ReferencesBourne, G. H. (Ed.). (1960). The Structure and Function of Muscle. New York: Academic Press. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=91183119Brzycki, M. (1993). Strength Testing – Predicting a One-Rep Max from Reps-to-Fa tigue. JOPERD–The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 64(1), 88+. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002191543Muscle. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=112875101Adenosine Triphosphate. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=112842222Hanlon, K. (2007, June). Health and Fitness: Strong . and Lean. Dance Magazine, 81, 28. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=5021239018Study: Lactic Acid Not So Bad. (2007, May 20). The Washington Times, p. C10. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=5020836376Villarosa, A. (2007, October). Fat vs. Fad: Demystifying Diet and Exercise Programs. Ebony, 62, 165+. Retrieved March 2, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o;d=5023144778

The Role Of Community Youth Work With Lgbt Youth - 3454 Words

Critically discuss the role of Community Youth Work with LGBT youth. I remember as I when I was young boy I fancied a boy in my class, how could this be? What does this even mean? What have I done wrong? All the Emotions? What are these feelings? How can I change this? I was 10 years old I felt alone, scared, I didn’t know who I could talk to. It took me 3 years to fully understand that I was different and that the feelings and emotions that I had for this boy meant only one thing, I was gay. While starting secondary school I began to live a double life I was a quiet kid and I pretended to like girls so save myself from the bullying. However inside I was thinking about boys nonstop and what is felt like. I just want to be able to†¦show more content†¦From doing this essay I hope that I will have gained a better understanding of how we as community youth workers should involve this community in our everyday youth work. Firstly I would like to talk about my own experience on LGBT what I know and what I have learnt not only with in my C ommunity Youth Work course but in my own practices. Secondly I would like to talk about the LGBT meanings and words used. I would to also find out some history of LGBT, when is started what was used before. Thirdly I would like to find out about laws and legalisations regard the LGBT community. In order to this I will use relevant theory, Research and policies that I find about the LGBT community. I will include how the young people who are within the LGBT community are treated by other young people and other communities. I will include a self-reflection on both a personal and professional level. I will also like to include any current practices and strategies for practice development. When I was grown up as a young person and in my youth club there was â€Å"no one† who was gay everyone acted the same and there was nothing different about the boys or the girls. The word â€Å"gay† was used a lot but it was always in the wrong context, it was used in a negative light to hurt or bully someone, â€Å"you are gay† or it was used to describe thing they didn’t like â€Å"this is gay can we do this instead†. As a young